Volume : 10, Issue : 12, DEC 2024

AADHUNIK BHARAT MEIN SHIKSHA KA VIKAS (1857–1986 E.)

YASHWANT KUMAR SHRIMALI

Abstract

bharat mein shiksha ka itihas atyant prachin, samriddh evam vividh raha hai. kintu 1857 ee. ke pashchaat aadhunik shiksha pranaalee ke roop mein ek naya adhyaay aarambh hua, jisamen british shaasan dvaara laagoo neetiyon ka vishesh prabhaav raha. svatantrata praapti (1947) ke baad bhaarateey sarakaar ne shiksha ko raashtreey vikaas ka ek pramukh saadhan maana aur kramashah kaee mahatvapoorn shiksha neetiyaan banaeen. 1986 kee raashtreey shiksha neeti is vikaas yaatra ka ek pramukh padaav rahee, jisane shiksha ke uddeshyon, svaroop evan pahunch mein aamoolachool parivartan laane ka prayaas kiya. yah shodh patr 1857 se 1986 tak kee is yaatra ko aitihaasik, saamaajik aur neetigat pariprekshy mein vishleshit karata hai bhaarat mein shiksha ka itihaas atyant samrddh aur bahuaayaamee raha hai. praacheen kaal mein takshashila, naalanda, vikramashila jaise vishvavidyaalayon ne bhaarat ko vishvaguru ke roop mein pratishthit kiya tha. madhyakaal mein shiksha ka svaroop dhaarmik aur sampradaayik sansthaon tak seemit ho gaya, kintu isake mool svar ko samaapt nahin kiya ja saka. aadhunik bhaarat mein shiksha ka naya charan 19veen shataabdee mein british upaniveshavaad ke prabhaav mein praarambh hua. vishesh roop se 1857 ee. ke pashchaat bhaarateey shiksha pranaalee mein anek yugaantarakaaree parivartan hue, jinamen aupaniveshik neetiyon kee spasht chhaap dikhaee detee hai. british shaasan ka uddeshy bhaarateey samaaj mein angrejee bhaasha evan paashchaaty moolyon ka prasaar kar ek "klark varg" taiyaar karana tha jo shaasan prashaasan mein sahaayak ho sake. vud ka dispaich (1854) aur 1857 ke pashchaat sthaapit vishvavidyaalayon ne bhaarat mein uchch shiksha kee ek aupachaarik neenv rakhee. isake pashchaat hantar aayog (1882), saidalar aayog (1917), karzan kee neetiyaan tatha gaandheejee kee buniyaadee shiksha yojana jaisee pahaliyaan shiksha ke vividh aayaamon ko udghaatit karatee hain.

swatantrata prapti (1947) ke baad bharat sarkar ne shiksha ko raashtr nirmaan ka ek pramukh aadhaar maana. shiksha ko sanvidhaan ke anuchchhed 45 evan 21(a) ke maadhyam se praathamik adhikaar ke roop mant maanyata dee gaee. isake pashchaat kothaaree aayog (1964-66) aur raashtreey shiksha neeti (1968) ne shiksha ke uddeshyon, maanakon aur disha ko tay karane mein aham bhoomika nibhaee. 1986 kee raashtreey shiksha neeti ne in prayaason ko aur adhik sudrdh roop pradaan kiya tatha shiksha ko sarvasulabh, samataamoolak aur rojagaaronmukhee banaane par bal diya. is prakaar 1857 se 1986 ee. tak ka kaalakhand bhaarat kee shiksha pranaalee ke kramik vikaas, parivartan aur punargathan ka saakshee raha hai. is shodh patr mein isee aitihaasik yaatra ka vishleshan kiya gaya hai, jisamen neeti nirdhaaran, saamaajik prabhaav, chunautiyaan tatha shaikshik sanrachanaon ka gahan adhyayan kiya gaya hai.

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