GUPTOTTAR KAAL MEIN DHARMIK SAMPRADAY KA VIKAS : EK ADHYAYA

guptottar kaal (600–1200 ee.) bhaarateey itihaas ka vah mahatvapoorn charan hai jisamen saamaajik-saanskrtik sanrachanaon, dhaarmik maanyataon, daarshanik vichaaron aur dhaarmik sampradaayon mein abhootapoorv parivartan dekhane ko milata hai. gupt saamraajy ke patan ke pashchaat bhaarateey upamahaadveep chhote-chhote raajyon mein vibhaajit ho gaya, jisake parinaamasvaroop raajaneetik asthirata, aarthik parivartan aur saamaajik punargathan kee prakriya praarambh huee. is badalate parivesh ne dharm ko na keval saamaajik shakti ke roop mein punah sthaapit kiya, balki vibhinn dhaarmik sampradaayon kee vrddhi aur vistaar ko bhee teevr gati pradaan kee. yah kaal dhaarmik prayogon, vichaar-sangharshon, lokavishvaason aur daarshanik bahulata ka svarnakaal maana jaata hai. is avadhi mein teen pramukh dishaon mein dhaarmik sampradaayon ka vikaas spasht roop se dikhaee deta hai– (1) hindoo dharm mein shaiv, vaishnav, shaakt aur taantrik paramparaon ka sudrdheekaran, (2) bauddh dharm mein vajrayaan, sahajayaan aur kaalachakrayaan ka udbhav, aur (3) jain dharm mein digambar-shvetaambar granthakaaron ka punarutthaan evan daarshanik vikaas. in sampradaayon ka vikaas aakasmik nahin tha, balki saamaajik, aarthik aur saanskrtik paristhitiyon ke sanyukt prabhaav ka parinaam tha. guptottar kaal mein shaiv dharm sabase adhik sangathit roop mein ubharata hai. paashupat, kaapaalik, kaalaamukh, kashmeer shaivavaad aur veerashaiv jaise anek majaboot sampradaay isee samay poornata ko praapt hote hain. doosaree or vaishnav dharm mein pancharaatr, bhaagavat, raamaanuj ka vishishtaadvait, madhv ka dvaitavaad, aur anek bhaktiparak paramparaen vikasit hueen. shaakt-sampradaay mein devee aaraadhana, taantrik saadhanaen, shaktipeethon ka uday aur ‘deveemahaatmy’ jaise granthon ka rachana-kaal bhee isee avadhi mein maana jaata hai. bauddh dharm mein is samay bahut bade parivartan hote hain. jabaki heenayaan aur mahaayaan pahale se maujood the, guptottar kaal mein tantravaad ke prabhaav se vajrayaan, sahajayaan, aur taantrik-bauddh paramparaen ubharatee hain. naalanda, vikramashila, somapuree jaise mahaavihaar bauddh shiksha ke vishaal kendr bane. isaka prabhaav nepaal, tibbat, bhootaan aur dakshin-poorv eshiya tak phaila. jain dharm mein bhee anek dhaarmik aachaaryon ka uday hua, jaise–samantu bhadr, jinasen, jinadatt soory, haribhadr soory aadi. jain aagamon aur tattvaarthasootr kee teekaon kee rachana isee samay vyaapak roop se kee gaee. guptottar kaal kee dhaarmik chetana keval uchch varg tak seemit nahin thee. lokadharm, graamadevata, graamasampradaay, siddh-naath parampara, yog-tantr upaasana, bhakti-aandolan kee praarambhik dhaaraen aur janasaamaany kee aastha ne dharm ko janonmukh banaaya. is kaal kee ek vishesh pahachaan taantrik parampara ka uday hai, jisane shaiv, shaakt aur bauddh sabhee dhaarmik dhaaraon ko prabhaavit kiya. taantrik saadhana lokavishvaason, janajaateey sanskrti aur mukhyadhaara dharm ke anukoolan ka parinaam thee. guptottar kaal mein dhaarmik sampradaayon ka vikaas keval aadhyaatmik pravrtti nahin tha, balki yah saamaajik parivartan, raajaneetik majabooriyon, saanskrtik vistaar aur aarthik sthitiyon ka parinaam tha. is kaal kee dhaarmik bahulata ne bhaarateey sabhyata ko sthaayee roop se aakaar diya, jisakee chhaap aaj bhee spasht dikhaee detee hai.