Volume : 7, Issue : 10, OCT 2021

MICROALGAE CULTIVATION IN PHOTOBIOREACTOR FOR BIOMASS EXTRACTION

DRISYA D S, SUCHITH CHELLAPPAN*, CHINGAKHAM.C

Abstract

Microalgae are small photosynthetic micro-organisms adapted to almost all possible environments. Microalgae are currently cultivated commercially around the world in several small- to medium-scale systems for the production of human nutritional products. Microalgal biotechnology has wide commercial applications. Microalgae are also used as nutrient supplements for human consumption due to their high proteins, vitamins, and polysaccharides content. Some microalgae species contain high levels of lipids which can be extracted and converted into biofuels. They also find use in pharmaceutical industries, as some species of microalgae produce bioactive compounds such as antioxidants, antibiotics, and toxins. Whereas, India and Australia, are smaller producers of microalgal products. Microalgae are the rich source of proteins, carbohydrates, fatty acids, and other nutrients. Microalgae play an important role as primary producers to various consumers such as Rotifer, Copepods, Shrimps, etc. In the present study, an attempt was made to cultivate microalgae, at a pilot scale using a photo bioreactor with varied parameters such as pH, light intensity, cell count, nutrient content, etc. The results were compared with the analysis of dried biomass. The harvesting methods used here are gravity sedimentation, dewatering, filtration, and drying. However, more works need to be done to fully utilize the potential of microalgae biomass for the application in the large-scale production of biofuels, food additives, and nutritive supplements.

Keywords

MICROALGAE, BIOMASS, PHOTOBIOREACTOR, BUBBLE COLUMN.

Article : Download PDF

Cite This Article

Article No : 11

Number of Downloads : 622

References

  1. Yousuf A. Fundamentals of microalgae cultivation. In: Microalgae Cultivation for Biofuels Production. Elsevier; 2019:1-9.
  2. Collotta M, Champagne P, Mabee W, Tomasoni G. Wastewater and waste CO2 for sustainable biofuels from microalgae. Algal Res. 2018;29(November 2017):12-21.
  3. Huang J, Wan M, Jiang J, Zhang A, Zhang D. Evaluating the effects of geometry and arrangement parameter of flat panel photo bioreactor on microalgae biomass production and economic performance in China. Algal Res. 2021;57(October 2020):102343.
  4. Plouviez M, Shilton A, Packer MA, Guieysse B. N2O emissions during microalgae outdoor cultivation in 50 L column photo bioreactors. Algal Res. 2017;26(June):348-353.
  5. Bajpai R, Prokop A, Zappi M. Algal biorefineries: Volume 1: Cultivation of cells and products. Algal Biorefineries Vol 1 Cultiv Cells Prod. Published online 2014:1-324.
  6. Jacob-Lopes E, Cacia Ferreira Lacerda LM, Franco TT. Biomass production and carbon dioxide fixation by Aphanothece microscopic Nägeli in a bubble column photo bioreactor. Biochem Eng J. 2008;40(1):27-34.
  7. Chokshi K, Pancha I, Maurya R, et al. Growth medium standardization and thermo tolerance study of the freshwater microalga Acutodesmus dimorphus—a potential strain for biofuel production. J Appl Phycol. 2016;28(5):2687- 2696.
  8. Pavlik D, Zhong Y, Daiek C, et al. Microalgae cultivation for carbon dioxide sequestration and protein production using a high-efficiency photobioreactor system. Algal Res. 2017;25(June):413-420.
  9. Moreno-Garcia L, Gariépy Y, Barnabé S, Raghavan GSV. Effect of environmental factors on the biomass and lipid production of microalgae grown in wastewaters. Algal Res. 2019;41(April):101521.
  10. Borowiak D, Lenartowicz P, Grzebyk M, Wi?niewski M, Lipok J, Kafarski P. Novel, automated, semi-industrial modular photo bioreactor system for cultivation of demanding microalgae that produce fine chemicals—The next story of H. Pluvialis and astaxanthin. Algal Res. 2021;53(June 2020).
  11. Sreekumar N, Haridas A, Godwin GS, Selvaraju N. Lipid enhancement in microalgae by temporal phase separation: Use of indigenous sources of nutrients. Chinese J Chem Eng. 2018;26(1):175-182.
  12. Chu F, Cheng J, Zhang X, Ye Q, Zhou J. Enhancing lipid production in microalgae Chlorella PY-ZU1 with phosphorus excess and nitrogen starvation under 15% CO2 in a continuous two-step cultivation process. Chem Eng J. 2019;375(June):121912.
  13. Sreekumar N, Giri Nandagopal MS, Vasudevan A, Antony R, Selvaraju N. Marine microalgal culturing in open pond systems for biodiesel production - Critical parameters. J Renew Sustain Energy. 2016;8(2).
  14. Tan J Sen, Lee SY, Chew KW, et al. A review on microalgae cultivation and harvesting, and their biomass extraction processing using ionic liquids. Bioengineered. 2020;11(1):116-129.
  15. Singh AK, Sharma N, Farooqi H, Abdin MZ, Mock T, Kumar S. ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Phytoremediation of Wastewater by Alga Phytoremediation of Municipal Wastewater by Microalgae to Produce Biofuel.
  16. Cui X, Yang J, Cui M, Zhang W, Zhao J. Comparative experiments of two novel tubular photo bioreactors with an inner aerated tube for microalgal cultivation: Enhanced mass transfer and improved biomass yield. Algal Res. 2021;58(January):102364.
  17. Liang Y, Kashdan T, Sterner C, et al. Algal Biorefineries. Elsevier B.V.; 2015.
  18. Yen HW, Hu IC, Chen CY, Chang JS. Design of Photo bioreactors for Algal Cultivation. Elsevier B.V.; 2013.
  19. Abbott MSR, Brain CM, Harvey AP, Morrison MI, Valente Perez G. Liquid culture of microalgae in a photo bioreactor (PBR) based on the oscillatory baffled reactor (OBR) technology - A feasibility study. Chem Eng Sci. 2015;138:315-323.
  20. Fu J, Huang Y, Liao Q, Xia A, Fu Q, Zhu X. Photo-bioreactor design for microalgae: A review from the aspect of CO2 transfer and conversion. Bioresour Technol. 2019;292.
  21. Musa M, Ayoko GA, Ward A, Rösch C, Brown RJ, Rainey TJ. Factors Affecting Microalgae Production for Biofuels and the Potentials of Chemometric Methods in Assessing and Optimizing Productivity. Cells. 2019;8(8).
  22. Acién FG, Molina E, Reis A, et al. Photo bioreactors for the production of microalgae. In: Microalgae-Based Biofuels and Bioproducts: From Feedstock Cultivation to End-Products. Elsevier Inc.; 2017:1-44.
  23. Huang Q, Jiang F, Wang L, Yang C. Design of Photobioreactors for Mass Cultivation of Photosynthetic Organisms. Engineering. 2017;3(3):318-329.
  24. Banerjee S, Ramaswamy S. Comparison of productivity and economic analysis of microalgae cultivation in open raceways and flat-panel photo bioreactor. Bioresour Technol Reports. 2019;8:100328.
  25. Karthikeyan D, Muthukumaran M, Balakumar BS. Mass Cultivation of Microalgae in Open Raceway Pond for Biomass and Biochemicals Production. Vol 3.; 2016.
  26. Pankratz S, Kumar M, Oyedun AO, Gemechu E, Kumar A. Environmental performances of diluents and hydrogen production pathways from microalgae in cold climates: Open raceway ponds and photo bioreactors coupled with thermochemical conversion. Algal Res. 2020;47(May 2019):101815.
  27. Handler RM, Canter CE, Kalnes TN, et al. Evaluation of environmental impacts from microalgae cultivation in open-air raceway ponds: Analysis of the prior literature and investigation of the wide variance in predicted impacts. Algal Res. 2012;1(1):83-92.
  28. Slegers PM, Lösing MB, Wijffels RH, van Straten G, van Boxtel AJB. Scenario evaluation of open pond microalgae production. Algal Res. 2013;2(4):358-368.
  29. Bartley ML, Boeing WJ, Dungan BN, Holguin FO, Schaub T. pH effects on growth and lipid accumulation of the biofuel microalgae Nannochloropsis salina and invading organisms. J Appl Phycol. 2014;26(3):1431- 1437.
  30. Zuccaro G, Yousuf A, Pollio A, Steyer JP. Microalgae cultivation systems. In: Microalgae Cultivation for Biofuels Production. Elsevier; 2019:11-29.
  31. Holdt SL, Christensen L, Iversen JJL. A novel closed system bubble column photo bioreactor for detailed characterization of micro-and macroalgal growth. J Appl Phycol. 2014;26(2):825-835.
  32. Assunção J, Malcata FX. Enclosed are “non- conventional” photo bioreactors for microalga production: A review. Algal Res. 2020;52.
  33. Venkata Mohan S. Reorienting Waste Remediation Towards Harnessing Bioenergy: A Paradigm Shift. Elsevier Ltd.; 2014.
  34. Costa JAV, Freitas BCB, Santos TD, Mitchell BG, Morais MG. Open Pond Systems for Microalgal Culture. Second Edi. Elsevier B.V.; 2019.
  35. Zhou W, Lu Q, Han P, Li J. Microalgae cultivation and photo bioreactor design. In: Microalgae Cultivation for Biofuels Production. Elsevier; 2019:31-50.
  36. Mubarak M, Shaija A, Prashanth P. Bubble column photo bioreactor for Chlorella pyrenoidosa cultivation and validating gas hold up and volumetric mass transfer coefficient. Energy Sources, Part A Recover Util Environ Eff. Published online 2019.
  37. Amaral MS, Loures CCA, Naves FL, Baeta BEL, Silva MB, Prata AMR. Evaluation of cell growth performance of microalgae Chlorella minutissima using an internal light integrated photo bioreactor. J Environ Chem Eng. 2020;8(5).
  38. Fal S, Benhima R, El Mernissi N, Kasmi Y, Smouni A, El Arroussi H. Microalgae as a promising source for integrated wastewater treatment and biodiesel production. Int J Phytoremediation. Published online 2021.