MADHYAKALIN BHARAT MEIN SANCHAR EVAM DAK VYAVASTHA

bhaarat ka itihaas vividhataon, jatilataon aur parivartanasheelataon se bhara hua hai. yahaan ka pratyek kaalakhand apanee vishishtataon ke kaaran adhyayan yogy hai. madhyakaaleen bhaarat (lagabhag 1206 ee. se 1707 ee. tak) aisa samay hai jab raajaneetik drshti se dillee saltanat aur mugal saamraajy jaisee vishaal raajany sansthaen astitv mein aaeen aur saath hee prashaasanik sangathan kee drshti se anek mahatvapoorn sansthaagat vikaas hue. inheen mein se ek tha— sanchaar aur daak vyavastha ka sansthaagat aur sangathit roop. itihaas yah pramaanit karata hai ki sanchaar tantr kisee bhee saamraajy kee jeevanarekha hota hai. shaasak chaahe jitana shaktishaalee kyon na ho, yadi usake paas soochanaon ka tvarit aur vishvasaneey tantr nahin hai to vah lambe samay tak satta kee baagador nahin sambhaal sakata. sanchaar tantr hee prashaasanik aagyaon ko praja tak pahunchaata hai, dooradaraaj ke praanton kee soochanaen raajadhaanee tak laata hai aur sena va shaasak ke beech satat sanvaad banae rakhata hai. is drshti se madhyakaaleen bhaarat ka sanchaar aur daak tantr keval soochana aadaan–pradaan ka saadhan bhar nahin tha, balki yah saamraajy ke sanchaalan, usakee sthirata aur vistaar ka aadhaarastambh tha. praacheen bhaarat mein sanchaar kee parampara pahale se maujood thee. mauryakaaleen abhilekhon aur granthon se hamen dooton aur ashv–vaahakon kee jaanakaaree milatee hai. guptakaal mein bhee raajakeey aadesh aur samaachaar pahunchaane ke lie vyavasthit tantr tha. kintu madhyakaal mein jab raajaneetik shakti ka kendreekaran hua aur saamraajyon ka vistaar badha, to sanchaar vyavastha ko aur adhik majaboot, anushaasit aur sansthaagat svaroop pradaan kiya gaya. dillee saltanat kaal (1206–1526 ee.) mein ‘baarid’ aur ‘harakaara’ pranaalee ne sanchaar tantr ko aadhaar pradaan kiya. baarid–e–mumaalik naamak vibhaag soochanaon ke sankalan aur prasaaran ka kaary karata tha. harakaare paidal ya ghudasavaar hokar raajaagyaon aur samaachaaron ko ek sthaan se doosare sthaan tak pahunchaate the. saath hee, turk shaasakon ne kabootaron ke maadhyam se sandesh pahunchaane kee anoothee parampara ko bhee apanaaya. saltanat ke maargon par 10–15 kos kee dooree par chaukiyaan sthaapit kee jaatee theen, jahaan se sandesh agale doot ko saumpa jaata tha. is pranaalee ne prashaasan ko doorasth praanton tak niyantran banae rakhane mein madad kee aur vidrohon par tatkaal ankush lagaane ka saadhan pradaan kiya. mugal saamraajy (1526–1707 ee.) mein sanchaar aur daak vyavastha ne naee oonchaiyaan praapt keen. baabar aur humaayoon ne is vyavastha kee neenv rakhee, kintu akabar ne ise vyaapak aur sangathit roop diya. akabar ne pratyek 2 kos par daak chaukiyaan sthaapit keen, jahaan ghode aur doot tainaat rahate the. pramukh nagaron mein ‘daak–mahal’ bane, jo samaachaaron ke sangrahan aur vitaran ka kendr bane. mugalon ne ‘vaakiya–navees’ aur ‘munashee’ niyukt kie, jo saamraajy bhar kee ghatanaon ka lekha–jokha taiyaar kar darabaar tak pahunchaate the. yuddh kee sthiti mein kabootar daak ko punah sakriy roop se apanaaya gaya. is sanchaar tantr ka bahuaayaamee mahatv tha. 1. raajaneetik drshti se – shaasak apane saamraajy ke doorasth praanton par niyantran rakh sake. 2. sainy drshti se – yuddhabhoomi se tatkaal samaachaar raajadhaanee tak pahunch sake aur shaasak sheeghr nirnay le sake. 3. aarthik drshti se – vyaapaaree varg ko vyaapaarik soochanaon ka aadaan–pradaan karane mein suvidha huee. 4. saanskrtik drshti se – kaviyon, santon aur yaatriyon ne vichaaron va saahity ke aadaan–pradaan hetu isaka upayog kiya. phir bhee, is pranaalee kee kuchh seemaen theen. lambee dooree par sandeshon kee gati apekshaakrt dheemee thee. nadiyaan, jangal aur pahaad jaisee bhaugolik baadhaen sandesh preshan mein vilamb karatee theen. vidroh ya yuddh kee sthiti mein chaukeedaar aur doot kabhee–kabhee asurakshit bhee ho jaate the. yah pranaalee mukhyatah shaasakeey varg tak seemit thee, saamaany janata ko isaka seedha laabh nahin milata tha. in seemaon ke baavajood, yah vyavastha apane samay ke sandarbh mein atyant prabhaavee siddh huee. yah kahana atishayokti nahin hogee ki madhyakaaleen bhaarat ka sanchaar aur daak tantr aadhunik bhaarateey daak vibhaag ka aitihaasik poorvaj hai. angrejon ne mugalakaaleen chaukee vyavastha ko apanaakar aur takaneekee sudhaar kar bhaarateey daak pranaalee ko aur adhik sangathit roop diya. is prakaar, madhyakaaleen bhaarat ka sanchaar aur daak tantr keval raajaneetik shaasan ka upakaran hee nahin raha, balki isane saamaajik–saanskrtik ekata, aarthik gatividhiyon aur prashaasanik sthirata mein bhee mahattvapoorn yogadaan diya. yah adhyayan hamen yah samajhane mein madad karata hai ki sanchaar hee kisee bhee raajy ya samaaj kee jeevanarekha hai aur isake bina saamraajy ka sanchaalan asambhav hai.